Ukuqonda ukuthi iCapacitor isebenza kanjani: Ukungena okujulile ekusebenzeni, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nomthelela

Ama-capacitors awumpi abiliatous emhlabeni we-elekthronikhi, okuyisisekelo ekusebenzeni kwamadivayisi amaningi nezinhlelo. Zilula ekuklameni kwazo kepha ziguquguquke ngokumangazayo ezisetshenziselwa zabo. Ukuze bayithokoze ngempela iqhaza le-capacitors kubuchwepheshe besimanje, kubalulekile ukudonsa esakhiweni sabo, izimiso eziyisisekelo, ukuziphatha ezisekelweni, kanye nobubanzi bezinhlelo zabo. Lokhu kuhlola okuphelele kuzohlinzeka ngokuqonda okuphelele kokuthi ama-capacitors asebenza kanjani, anwebe emphuleni wawo kubuchwepheshe kanye nekhono labo elizayo.

Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-capacitor

Emgogodleni wayo, i-capacitor iqukethe amapuleti amabili aphambukayo ahlukaniswe impahla evuthayo eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-dielectric. Lesi sakhiwo esiyisisekelo singatholakala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kusuka ku-capacitor elula yeplatel-plate kuya emiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi efana nama-capacitors we-cylindrical noma ama-spherical. Amapuleti asebenzayo ajwayele ukwenziwa ngensimbi, njenge-aluminium noma i-tantalum, ngenkathi impahla ye-dielectric ingasukela ku-ceramic kumafilimu we-polymer, ngokuya ngesicelo esithile.

Amapuleti axhumeke kumjikelezo wangaphandle, imvamisa ngokusebenzisa ama-terminals avumela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi. Lapho i-voltage isetshenziswa kuwo wonke amapuleti, insimu kagesi ikhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwe-dielectric, okuholela ekuqongeleleni kwamacala kumapuleti-amahle epuletini elilodwa futhi elibi ngakolunye. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwesehlukaniso kuyindlela eyisisekeloama-capacitorgcina amandla kagesi.

I-physics ngemuva kokukhokhiswa kwemali ekhokhwayo

Inqubo yokugcina amandla kwi-capacitor ilawulwa yimigomo ka-electrostatics. Lapho i-voltage

V isetshenziswa kuwo wonke amapuleti eCapacitor, insimu kagesi

E ithuthuka ezintweni ezibonakalayo ze-dielectric. Le nkambu iphenya ngama-elektroni amahhala emapuleti aphambukayo, ibangele ukuba ihambe. Ama-elektroni aqongelela epuletini elilodwa, adala imali engemihle, kanti elinye ipuleti lilahlekelwa ama-elektroni, likhokhiswe kahle.

Izinto ezibonakalayo ze-dielectric zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwandiseni amandla weCapacitor okugcina imali ekhokhwayo. Kwenza lokho ngokunciphisa insimu kagesi phakathi kwamapuleti ngenani elinikeziwe lemali ekhokhwayo, elikhulisa kahle amandla edivayisi. Insangu

C ichazwa njengesilinganiso secala

Q egcinwe kumapuleti kumandla kagesi

V isicelo:

Le equation ikhombisa ukuthi ama-capcacitance alingana ngqo necala eligcinwe ngogesi. Iyunithi yeCapacitance yi-farad (F), eqanjwe ngemuva kukaMichael Faraday, iphayona esifundweni se-electromagnetism.

Kuthonya izici eziningana ukuthonya i-capacitor capacitance:

1. Indawo engaphezulu kwamapuleti: Amapuleti amakhulu angagcina imali ethe xaxa, okuholela ekukhohlisweni okuphezulu.
2. Ibanga phakathi kwamapuleti: Ibanga elincane landisa amandla enkambu kagesi futhi, kanjalo, amandla.
3. Izinto ze-dielectric: Uhlobo lwe-dielectric luthinta amandla weCapacitor okugcina imali ekhokhwayo. Izinto ezinama-dielectric aphansi aphansi (i-permittivity) ukukhulisa amandla.

Ngamagama asebenzayo, ama-capacitors ngokuvamile anamakhono asuka ePicofarads (PF) kuya ku-farads (F), kuya ngosayizi wawo, design, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe.

Ukugcinwa Kwamandla Nokukhululwa

Amandla agcinwe kwi-capacitor kuwumsebenzi wokukhohlisa kwawo kanye nesikwele samandla kagesi kuwo wonke amapuleti ayo. Amandla

I-ETITED ingavezwa njenge:

Le equation iveza ukuthi amandla agcinwe kwi-capacitor akhuphuka ngayo yomibili amandla kanye namandla kagesi. Okusemqoka, inqubo yokulondolozwa kwamandla kuma-capacitors ihlukile kwaleyo yamabhethri. Ngenkathi amabhethri esigcina amandla ngamakhemikhali bese ukhulula kancane, ama-capacitors agcina amandla e-electrostiance futhi angayikhipha cishe ngaso leso sikhathi. Lo mehluko wenza ama-capacitors alungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuqhuma kwamandla okusheshayo.

Lapho umjikelezo wangaphandle uvumela, i-capacitor ingakhipha amandla ayo agciniwe, ikhipha imali eqoqiwe. Le nqubo yokuphuma inamandla angapholisa izingxenye ezahlukahlukene esisekelweni, kuya ngomthamo weCapacitor kanye nezidingo zesifunda.

Ama-capacitors kwimibuthano ye-AC ne-DC

Ukuziphatha kwama-capacitors kuyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwe-CRECT CRECT KAKHULU (DC) kanye nokushintshana kwamasekethe amanje (ac), kubenza basebenzise izinto eziguquguqukayo ekwakhiweni kwe-elekthronikhi.

1. Ama-capacitors ku-DC CircuitsEmjikelezweni we-DC, lapho i-capacitor ixhunywe emthonjeni wamandla kagesi, ekuqaleni ivumela amanje ukugeleza njengoba kukhokhiswa. Njengoba ama-capacitor ashaja, amavoluti kuwo wonke amapuleti ayo anda, aphikisana namandla kagesi asetshenzisiwe. Ekugcineni, i-voltage yaphesheya kwe-capacitor ilingana namandla kagesi asetshenzisiwe, kanye nokuma kwamanje kwe-flow, lapho i-capacitor ikhokhiswa khona ngokuphelele. Kulesi sigaba, iCapacitor isebenza njengesifunda esivulekile, ukuvimba ngempumelelo noma yikuphi ukugeleza kwamanje.Le mpahla iyaxhashazwa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza njengokushintsha okuguqukayo ekushintsheni kwamandla, lapho ama-capacitors angahlunga ama-ripples ku-DC voltage, enikeza umphumela oqinile.
2. Ama-capacitors emisipha ye-AC: Emjikelezweni we-AC, i-voltage isetshenziswa kwi-capacitor ngokuqhubekayo ishintsha ukuqondiswa. Le voltage eshintshayo ibangela i-capacitor ekusebenzeni ngokuhlukile futhi ikhiphe umjikelezo ngamunye wesiginali ye-AC. Ngenxa yalokhu kuziphatha, ama-capacitors kuma-ac circuits avumela i-AC yamanje ukuthi idlule ngenkathi ivimba noma iyiphiIzakhi ze-DC.Ukuvinjwa
   $ZZ$

    

   Z ye-capacitor kumjikelezo we-ac inikezwe ngu:

    

   $Z\; =\; 12\pi fcz\; =\; \backslash \; frac\; \{1\}\; \{2\; \backslash \; PC\; FC\}$

    
   

-Phif kungumvamisa wesiginali ye-AC. Le equation ikhombisa ukuthi ukungcola kweCapacitor kuncipha ngokuvamisa imvamisa, okwenza ama-capacitors alusizo ekuhlungeleni kwezicelo lapho zingavimba khona amasiginali aphansi (njenge-DC) ngenkathi evumela amasiginali afudumele aphezulu ngenkathi avumela ukudlula.

Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwama-capacitors

Ama-capacitors aqukethe izinhlelo eziningi ezisetshenziselwa izinkambu ezahlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe. Amandla abo okugcina nokukhipha amandla, amasiginali wokuhlunga, futhi athonye isikhathi semibukela kusenza ukuba sibaluleke kakhulu kumadivayisi amaningi we-elekthronikhi.

1. Izinhlelo Zokuhlinzeka Ngamandla: Emibuthanweni yokuhlinzekwa kwamandla, ama-capacitors asetshenziselwa ukuguquguquka kokushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi, ukuhlinzeka ngokuzinza okuzinzile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kumadivayisi adinga ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla okungaguquki, njengamakhompyutha kanye nama-Smartphones. Ama-capacitor kulawa masistimu enze njengokuhlunga, amunca ama-spikes kanye nama-dips ngamandla kagesi nasekuqinisekiseni ukuhamba kukagesi okuqhubekayo.Ngokwengeziwe, ama-capacitors asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kumandla (phezulu) ukuhlinzeka ngamandla wesipele ngesikhathi sokuphuma okufushane. Ama-capacitor amakhulu, abizwa ngokuthi ama-supercapacitors, aphumelela kakhulu kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ngenxa yokukhonkotha kwawo okuphezulu kanye nekhono lokukhipha ngokushesha.
2. Ukucubungula kwesiginali: Emibuthanweni ye-analog, ama-capacitors adlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesiginali. Zisetshenziselwa ukuhlunga ukuthi zidlule noma zivimbele amabanga athile athile, zibumba isiginali ukuze kusetshenzwe okunye. Isibonelo, emishini elalelwayo, ama-capacitors asiza ukuhlunga umsindo ongafuneki, aqinisekise ukuthi yimikhakha yomsindo oyifunayo kuphela okhulisiwe futhi edluliselwa.Ama-capacitors nawo asetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni nasekuhlotsheni kwezicelo. Ekuhlanganeni, i-capacitor ivumela amasiginali e-AC ukuthi adlule esigabeni esisodwa sokujikeleza kwesinye ngenkathi ivimba izakhi ze-DC ezingaphazamisa ukusebenza kwezigaba ezilandelayo. Ekuhlaziseni, ama-capacitors abekwe ngaphesheya kwemigqa yokuhambisa amandla ukuze ahlunge umsindo futhi akuvikele ekuthinteni izingxenye ezibucayi.
3. Imibuthano: Ezinhlelweni zomsakazo nezokuxhumana, ama-capacitors asetshenziswa ngokubambisana ne-Inductor ukudala amasekethe abusayo angahle ahlelwe amaza athile. Lokhu kunamandla okubumba kubalulekile ekukhetheni amasiginali afunekayo kusuka kububanzi obubanzi, njengakuthola abakwa-Radio, lapho ama-capacitors asiza ukuhlukanisa futhi akhulise isibonakaliso esithandayo.
4. Isikhathi sesikhathi kanye ne-oscillator: Ama-capacitors, ngokuhlanganiswa nabaphikisayo, asetshenziselwa ukudala amasekethe wesikhathi, njengalawo atholakala kumawashi, isikhathi, kanye nama-generator we-pulse. Ukushaja kanye nokukhipha i-capacitor ngokusebenzisa ukumelana kwe-resistor kwakha ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi esibonakalayo, okungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amasiginali ngezikhathi ezithile noma ukudala imicimbi ngezikhathi ezithile.Imibuthano ye-Oscillator, ekhiqiza ama-waveform aqhubekayo, futhi athembele kuma-capacitors. Kule mibuthalo, inkokhelo yeCapacitor kanye ne-Creat Curcles yakha ama-Oscillations adingekayo ekwakhiweni kwamasiginali asetshenziswa kukho konke kusuka kumaRadio Transmitters kuya ku-Electronic Synthesizers.
5. Ukugcinwa Kwamandla: Ama-Supercapacitors, abizwa nangokuthi i-Ultracapacitors, amele intuthuko ebalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla. Lawa madivaysi angagcina amanani amakhulu anamandla futhi akhulule ngokushesha, abenze balungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukulethwa kwamandla okusheshayo, njengasezinhlelweni zokuvuselela ama-brakic ezimotweni zikagesi. Ngokungafani namabhethri endabuko, ama-supercapacitors anama-lifespan amade, angamelana nemijikelezo yokukhipha imali ekhokhwayo, futhi akhokhise ngokushesha okukhulu.Ama-Supercapacitors nawo ayahlolwa ukuthi asetshenziswe ezinhlelweni zamandla avuselelekayo, lapho zingagcina khona amandla akhiqizwe ngamaphaneli elanga noma ama-turbines womoya futhi akhulule lapho kudingeka, kusiza ukuqinisa igridi yamandla.
6. Ama-capacitors we-electrolytic: Ama-capacitors we-electrolytic awuhlobo lwe-capacitor olusebenzisa i-electrolyte ukufezekisa amandla aphezulu kunezinye izinhlobo. Zivame ukusetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kudingeka khona amandla amakhulu ngevolumu elincane, njengokuhlunga kokuphakelwa kwamandla kanye nama-amplifier alalelwayo. Kodwa-ke, banesikhathi sokuphila esilinganiselwe uma siqhathaniswa namanye ama-capacitors, njengoba i-electrolyte ingama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwekhono kanye nokwehluleka okuzenzakalelayo.

Izitayela zesikhathi esizayo kanye nezinto ezintsha kubuchwepheshe beCapacitor

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka nokuvela, ngakho-ke futhi ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe beCapacitor. Abaphenyi bahlola izinto ezintsha nemiklamo yokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwama-capacitors, kubenza basebenze kahle, bahlala isikhathi eside, futhi bakwazi ukukwazi ukugcina amandla amaningi.

1. Nanotechnology: Ukuthuthuka kwe-nanotechnology kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwama-capacitors ngezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe. Ngokusebenzisa ama-nanomatadium, njenge-graphene kanye ne-carbon nanotubes, abacwaningi bangadala ama-capacitors anezinkinga zamandla aphezulu kanye nemijikelezo esheshayo yokukhipha ekholwayo. Lokhu okusha kungaholela kuma-capacitors amancane, anamandla ngokwengeziwe alungele ukusetshenziswa kuma-elekthronikhi aphathekayo nezimoto zikagesi.
2. Ama-capacitor aqinile wombuso: Ama-capacitor aqinile wombuso, asebenzisa i-electrolyly eqinile esikhundleni se-liquid eyodwa, aya ngokuya evame kakhulu kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu. Lawa ma-capacitors anikezela ukuthembeka okuthuthukile, ama-Lifespan amade, kanye nokusebenza okungcono emazingeni okushisa aphezulu aqhathaniswa nama-capacitors e-electrolytic aphezulu.
3. I-elekthronikhi evumelana nezimo futhi egqoke: Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obugqokekayo kanye nobuchwepheshe obuguqukayo buthandwa kakhulu, kunesidingo esikhulayo sama-capacitors angaguqa futhi welule ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza. Abaphenyi bathuthukisa ama-capacitors aguqukayo asebenzisa izinto ezinjengama-polymers aqhutshwa ama-polymers namafilimu anwebekile, enika amandla izinhlelo ezintsha ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, ukuqina, kanye ne-elekthronikhi yezogesi.
4. Ukuvunwa kwamandla: Ama-capacitors nawo adlala indima kubuchwepheshe bokuvunwa kwamandla, lapho asetshenziswa khona ukugcina amandla athathwe emithonjeni yezemvelo, njengamaphaneli elanga, ukunyakaza, noma ukushisa. Lezi zinhlelo zinganikeza amandla kumadivayisi amancane noma izinzwa ezindaweni ezikude, zinciphisa isidingo samabhethri endabuko.
5. Ama-capacitors aphezulu okushisa: Kukhona ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kuma-capacitors angasebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okubaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo ezise-aerospace, izimoto, nezilungiselelo zezimboni. Lawa ma-capacitors asebenzisa izinto ezithuthukile ze-dielectric ezingamelana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile ezindaweni ezinokhahlo.

Ukugcina

Ama-capacitor anezakhi ezisemqoka ku-elekthronikhi yanamuhla, edlala izindima ezibucayi ekugcinweni kwamandla, ukucubungula iziginali, ukuphathwa kwamandla, kanye nemibuthano yesikhathi. Amandla abo okugcina nokukhulula amandla ngokushesha abenze alungele ngokuhlukile kwizicelo ezahlukahlukene, kusuka ekuvuseleleni amandla okunika amandla ukunika amandla ukusebenza kwezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuxhumana. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buqhubekisela phambili, ukuthuthukiswa kwemiklamo emisha ye-capacitor kanye nezinto zokwakha izithembiso zokwandisa amandla abo ngokwengeziwe, ukushayela okusha ezindaweni ezinjengamandla avuselelekayo, ama-elekthronikhi aguqukayo, kanye nekhompyutha ephezulu yokusebenza. Ukuqonda indlela ama-capacitors asebenza kanjani, futhi akwazise ukuguquguquka okuhlukahlukene kanye nomthelela, anikeza isisekelo sokuhlola insimu enkulu neyokukhulisa njalo ye-elekthronikhi.