Ama-capacitor anezakhiwo eziningi ezinhle. Agcina ugesi njengeshaja kagesi kunokuba kube amandla amakhemikhali, okokuqala. Lokhu kuvame ukuvumela izikhathi zokushaja ezisheshayo kanye nemisinga yokukhipha ephezulu kakhulu. Angasinda amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemijikelezo yokushaja nokukhipha, kunokuba aphile amakhulu emijikelezo yamabhethri agcwele. Pho inkinga iyini?
Ibhethri linikeza i-voltage engaguquki isikhathi eside. Kuye ngedivayisi, ungase ube nezinkinga zokusebenza eziseduze nokuphela. Ama-smartphone, isibonelo, angena kwimodi yokonga amandla. Lokho akukhona nje ukuzigcina zisebenza isikhathi eside, kodwa ukuvimbela ukuvala okusheshayo ngaphandle kwesixwayiso.
Njengoba ubona, i-voltage iyehla njengoba ibhethri lisondela ekukhathaleni. Efonini yakho, kunesekethe yokuguqulwa kwamandla, ingxenye yokuphathwa kwamandla iyonke, esebenza ukuguqula amandla ebhethri angaguquki kakhulu abe amandla esistimu alawulwa kahle kakhulu (mhlawumbe ama-voltage amaningi ahlukene). Qaphela ukuthi kunobudlelwano obubalulekile lapha: amandla=i-voltage yamanje∗. Ngakho-ke ukuze ngigcine amandla afanayo, njengoba i-voltage yehla, isekethe yami kufanele idonse amandla amaningi.
Ibhethri ngalinye linokumelana okuncane kwangaphakathi, futhi ngenxa yobudlelwano obunye, obubizwa ngokuthi uMthetho ka-Ohm, uyazi ukuthi kuzoba khona i-voltage ethile eyehla ebhethrini. Emdwebeni, i-Vout=V0−r∗I, lapho mina ngingumbane. Ngakho-ke, njengoba i-V0 yami yehla futhi isekethe yami yokuphatha amandla kufanele idonse umbane owengeziwe ukuze ilethe amandla afanayo, i-voltage yokuphuma kwebhethri yehla ngokushesha okukhulu. Lokhu kukhawulele ukukhishwa kombane okuphezulu kwebhethri, futhi kusho ukuthi iphuma ngokushesha kakhulu lapho iseduze nokukhathala.
Kodwa i-voltage yokukhipha, ugesi ophezulu, kanye namandla aphelele ku-capacitor kwehla kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-capacitor inenzuzo eyodwa: igcina ishaja kagesi, kunokuguqula ishaja kagesi ibe yishaja yamakhemikhali njengasebhethri, ngakho-ke yize kukhona ukumelana kwangaphakathi, incane futhi ngokuvamile inganakwa. Ama-capacitor anganikeza ugesi ophezulu kakhulu isikhathi esifushane.
Kodwa ngokunika amandla into ethile, ziyinkinga. Khumbula isifiso sami sokugcina amandla angaguquki engena ohlelweni lwami lokuphatha amandla, kanye nalawo mandla=i-voltage yamanje. Njengoba i-voltage yethu yehla ngokushesha, kufanele silungise ngogesi okhuphuka ngokushesha ukuze sinikeze amandla afanayo. Ama-current aphezulu kakhulu enza isekethe ebiza kakhulu, izingxenye ezinkulu zokuguqulwa kwamandla, ukulahleka kwamandla okwengeziwe kumabhodi esekethe, njll.… inkinga efanayo eyisisekelo ibhethri elinayo ngasekupheleni, kodwa lokhu kuqala ukwenzeka ekuqaleni kakhulu empilweni yokugcina amandla e-capacitor ewusizo. Futhi njengoba i-capacitor iphela, ugesi ophezulu, yize usaphakeme kakhulu, nawo uyehla.
Enye inkinga ukuthi ama-ultracapacitor anamuhla anamandla aphansi kakhulu kunamabhethri. Ama-ultracaps amahle kakhulu emakethe aphatha ama-8-10 Wh/kg, amaningi afana nama-5 Wh/kg. Amabhethri e-Li-ion amahle kakhulu aletha cishe ama-200 Wh/kg, amafomula amaningi angafinyelela ngaphezu kwe-100 Wh/kg. Ngakho-ke udinga cishe isisindo esiphindwe ka-20 ukuze usebenzise ama-ultracaps. Kodwa mhlawumbe ngaphezulu, njengoba ngesikhathi esithile ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, kuye ngokusetshenziswa, i-voltage izokwehla kakhulu ukuba ingasetshenziswa, ishiye amandla engasetshenziswa. Futhi, ngokungafani nama-capacitor endabuko, ama-ultracapacitor nawo anokumelana kwangaphakathi okuphezulu. Ngakho awadingi ukusekela ukuhweba okukhulu kwe-voltage yamanje.
Bese kuba nokuzikhipha: amandla “avuza” ngokushesha kangakanani kudivayisi yokugcina. Amaseli e-NiMh kuphela aqinile, kodwa ukuzikhipha kwawo kuphakeme njengo-20–30% ngenyanga. Amaseli e-Li-ion anciphisa lokhu kube ngaphezulu kwe-<2% ngenyanga kuye ngobuchwepheshe obuthile be-Li-ion, mhlawumbe u-3% kwezinye izinhlelo kuye ngokuthi ibhethri lisebenzisa malini. Ama-Ultracapacitor anamuhla ehla afinyelela ku-50% wokushaja ngenyanga yokuqala. Lokho kungase kungabi nandaba kudivayisi eshaja nsuku zonke, kodwa kukhawulela ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwama-cap vs amabhethri, okungenani kuze kube yilapho kudalwa imiklamo engcono.
Futhi ngenxa yokuthi udinga eziningi kangaka, izindleko zamanje zama-ultracapacitors zingaba yizindleko zamabhethri eziphindwe ka-6-20. Uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ludinga ukukhishwa kwamandla okuncane kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngama-current surges amafushane kakhulu, i-ultracap ingaba inketho. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngeke kube ukushintshwa kwebhethri maduze.
Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zamandla aphezulu njengezimoto zikagesi, akukabi yinto ewusizo okwamanje, njengezinto ezizimele. Nakuba izinhlelo ezisebenzisa ama-ultracap namabhethri zingaba mnandi, njengoba umehluko wazo uhambisana kakhulu, ukudluliselwa kwamandla aphezulu kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwe-cap uma kuqhathaniswa nobuningi bamandla/amandla athile ebhethri. Futhi kunomsebenzi omningi owenziwayo ukuletha ama-ultracapacitor angcono kakhulu, kanye namabhethri angcono kakhulu. Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku i-ultracap ithatha eminye yemisebenzi ejwayelekile yebhethri.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-06-2026